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Jaringan distribusi kunci kuantum (quantum key distribution/QKD) mendukung komunikasi paralel yang melibatkan 20 pengguna, mencakup jarak total 3.700 kilometer, serta menjadi yang terdepan secara global, baik dari segi skala pengguna maupun jangkauan jaringan.

Beijing, China (Xinhua/Indonesia Window) – Peneliti China berhasil mengembangkan jaringan distribusi kunci kuantum (quantum key distribution/QKD) skala besar pertama di dunia yang berbasis pada cip kuantum fotonik terintegrasi, ungkap sebuah studi yang dipublikasikan pada Kamis (12/2) di jurnal Nature.

Jaringan ini mendukung komunikasi paralel yang melibatkan 20 pengguna, mencakup jarak total 3.700 kilometer, serta menjadi yang terdepan secara global, baik dari segi skala pengguna maupun jangkauan jaringan.

QKD menggunakan keadaan kuantum (quantum states) untuk mentransmisikan kunci-kunci enkripsi informasi, sehingga menjamin keamanan komunikasi. QKD medan ganda (twin-field), yang sesuai untuk komunikasi kuantum jarak jauh dan mendukung pemakaian bersama sumber daya di sisi detektor, muncul sebagai bentuk teknologi QKD yang canggih.

Namun, karena tuntutan kinerja yang sangat tinggi terhadap sumber cahaya dan perangkat modulasi, integrasi cip perangkat keras yang diperlukan menjadi sulit dicapai. Imbasnya, teknologi ini sebagian besar digunakan dalam QKD point-to-point (sistem QKD antara dua pihak langsung melalui satu jalur komunikasi tanpa perantara). Sementara itu, realisasi sistem jaringan multipengguna berskala besar menghadapi tantangan yang cukup besar.

Sebuah tim yang dipimpin oleh Wang Jianwei dari Fakultas Fisika Universitas Peking, bersama Gong Qihuang, seorang akademisi dari Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan China (Chinese Academy of Sciences/CAS), mengembangkan serangkaian cip kuantum fotonik terintegrasi penuh dengan kinerja tinggi. Berdasarkan cip-cip tersebut, mereka membangun jaringan QKD twin-field yang terdiri atas 20 nodus cip kuantum.

Menurut Wang, ini merupakan demonstrasi jaringan QKD berbasis cip kuantum fotonik yang pertama di dunia dalam lebih dari dua dekade. Eksperimen-eksperimen menunjukkan cip-cip ini memiliki tingkat keseragaman yang tinggi selama proses fabrikasi tingkat wafer, sehingga memungkinkan produksi massal berbiaya rendah. Faktor tersebut meletakkan fondasi teknis untuk membangun jaringan QKD dengan jarak yang lebih jauh dan jumlah pengguna yang lebih banyak.

\"Jaringan QKD berbasis cip merupakan langkah signifikan menuju miniaturisasi sistem dan kepraktisan perangkat,\" kata Wang, seraya menambahkan bahwa cip kuantum fotonik berkinerja tinggi dan berbiaya rendah memiliki potensi besar dalam mendorong penerapan praktis serta penyebaran jaringan kuantum dalam skala besar.

Para penelaah dari jurnal Nature menyampaikan bahwa pencapaian ini menunjukkan kemajuan signifikan dalam cip kuantum dan teknologi jaringan kuantum, sementara jaringan cip kuantum yang diperagakan menunjukkan skalabilitas yang luar biasa. \"Artikel ini tanpa diragukan lagi memiliki dampak tinggi bagi komunitas komunikasi kuantum,\" demikian komentar salah satu penelaah.

Gong mengatakan pencapaian ini memberikan solusi yang layak untuk membangun jaringan cip komunikasi kuantum berskala besar dan akan mendorong miniaturisasi, penerapan praktis, serta pengembangan sistem komunikasi kuantum dalam skala besar.

Laporan: Redaksi

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