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Gen Xa48 membantu tanaman padi mengenali bakteri penyerang dan segera membangun pertahanan yang kuat.

Beijing, China (Xinhua/Indonesia Window) – Sebuah studi baru yang dipimpin oleh tim ilmuwan China, yang dipublikasikan dalam jurnal Nature, telah mengidentifikasi sebuah gen kunci yang membantu padi melawan penyakit hawar bakteri dan menunjukkan bagaimana pertahanan ini dapat dibangun kembali dari awal.

Selama 15 tahun terakhir, petani padi di seluruh Asia menghadapi ancaman yang terus meningkat seiring penyebaran hawar bakteri yang semakin cepat dan menyebabkan kerusakan yang kian besar. Suhu yang lebih hangat telah memicu intensitas topan yang membantu penyebaran penyakit tersebut, sementara varietas padi modern menjadi kurang beragam, membuatnya lebih rentan terhadap infeksi bakteri.

Sebuah tim yang dipimpin oleh para peneliti dari Pusat Keunggulan Ilmu Tanaman Molekuler (Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/CEMPS) di bawah naungan Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan China menemukan gen resistans baru, yang mereka beri nama Xa48, pada varietas padi indica bernama ‘Shuangkezao’.

Gen ini bekerja seperti sistem keamanan. Ketika bakteri berbahaya menyerang, gen Xa48 membantu tanaman padi mengenali penyerang tersebut dan segera membangun pertahanan yang kuat. Para ilmuwan juga mengidentifikasi protein bakteri spesifik yang memicu reaksi ini, yang mereka namai XopG. Begitu Xa48 mendeteksi XopG, gen tersebut memecah protein-protein tertentu yang biasanya menjaga sistem imunnya tetap terkendali, sehingga memungkinkan tanaman untuk melawan infeksi tersebut.

Studi itu juga menunjukkan bahwa menggabungkan dua jenis pertahanan kekebalan yang berbeda memberikan hasil terbaik. Tim tersebut menggunakan dua gen resistans, yakni gen bernama Xa21 dan gen Xa48 yang baru ditemukan, untuk menciptakan sebuah sistem pertahanan dua lapis yang tangguh. Pendekatan ini memberikan perlindungan yang luas dan tahan lama terhadap penyakit tersebut bagi tanaman padi tanpa mengganggu pertumbuhannya.

Teknologi baru ini telah digunakan dalam program pemuliaan padi di China, menurut He Zuhua, seorang peneliti di CEMPS. \"Penelitian ini telah diimplementasikan dengan cepat dari laboratorium ke lapangan, sehingga membantu petani menanam padi yang lebih sehat dengan kebutuhan pestisida kimia yang lebih sedikit.\"

Penemuan ini tidak hanya membantu memecahkan teka-teki lama mengenai bagaimana domestikasi padi membentuk ketahanan terhadap penyakit, tetapi juga menyediakan alat praktis untuk menjamin produksi padi di tengah dunia yang semakin hangat, imbuh He.

Laporan: Redaksi

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