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Sao Paulo, Brasil (Xinhua/Indonesia Window) – Pada periode 2010-2024, Amazon di Brasil melepaskan karbon dioksida rata-rata 1,17 miliar ton per tahun lebih banyak daripada yang diserapnya, menurut penelitian yang diterbitkan pada Kamis (22/10) oleh Sao Paulo Research Foundation.

Ketidakseimbangan tersebut turut memperparah pemanasan global dan mengikis peran hutan hujan itu sebagai pengatur iklim tropis paling penting di planet ini.

Penelitian tersebut, yang juga diterbitkan dalam jurnal ilmiah Inggris Nature, menunjukkan bahwa kebakaran melepaskan sekitar 1,47 miliar ton karbon dioksida setiap tahunnya, dibandingkan dengan kapasitas penyerapan yang hanya sekitar 300 juta ton per tahun.

Penelitian itu, yang dipimpin oleh para spesialis dari Institut Nasional Riset Antariksa Brasil (INPE), mengungkapkan bahwa mengurangi kebakaran secara drastis, menghentikan deforestasi, dan memulihkan hutan sangat penting untuk mencegah Amazon mencapai ‘titik kritis’ (tipping point), yaitu ambang batas yang jika terlampaui akan membuat hutan tersebut kehilangan kemampuannya untuk mempertahankan diri dan pulih sebagai hutan hujan tropis.

Brasil menaungi 60 persen hutan hujan Amazon.

\"Kesimpulan utama dari penelitian ini sangat mengejutkan: masalah di Amazon adalah aktivitas manusia. Kita kehilangan hutan hujan karena model pembangunan di kawasan itu selama ini didasarkan pada perusakan,\" ujar Luciana Vanni Gatti, koordinator Laboratorium Gas Rumah Kaca di INPE sekaligus penulis utama penelitian tersebut.

Dalam sebuah analisis yang mencakup periode 46 tahun, tim peneliti juga mendeteksi kenaikan suhu rata-rata tahunan sebesar 1,13 derajat Celsius dan 1,81 derajat selama musim kemarau. Perubahan-perubahan ini menurunkan kelembapan regional dan memperburuk kondisi yang memicu penyebaran kebakaran serta degradasi lingkungan.

\"Hal ini memberikan tekanan yang sangat besar pada hutan yang tersisa,\" kata Gatti, seraya menjelaskan bahwa hilangnya tutupan hutan mengurangi curah hujan dan meningkatkan suhu, sehingga menciptakan siklus umpan balik yang memicu lebih banyak kebakaran dan mempercepat kerusakan hutan yang tersisa.

Para ilmuwan sedang menyelidiki alasan mengapa hutan hujan semakin sedikit menyerap karbon, dan sejauh mana fenomena ini didorong oleh penurunan fotosintesis versus peningkatan dekomposisi vegetasi.

Sao Paulo Research Foundation meyakini bahwa hasil-hasil ini semakin memperkuat pentingnya kebijakan konservasi dan restorasi bagi Amazon Brasil, yang perannya dalam penyimpanan karbon dan pengaturan siklus air menjadi kunci bagi keseimbangan iklim regional dan global.

Laporan: Redaksi

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