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Haikou, China (Xinhua/Indonesia Window) – Di kedalaman lebih dari 2.000 meter di Laut China Selatan, paus sperma raksasa berkomunikasi melalui bunyi klik pendek beruntun yang bergema seperti kode Morse.

Sinyal bunyi yang ritmis dan penuh teka-teki ini berfungsi seperti kata-kata dalam bahasa manusia, menjadi unit dasar bagi mereka untuk bertukar informasi dan saling mengenali.

Paus sperma merupakan paus bergigi terbesar di Bumi. Selain bunyi klik ekolokasi pendek, mereka merangkai bunyi klik individual menjadi rangkaian ritmis berulang untuk interaksi sosial, di mana rangkaian tersebut dikenal sebagai koda.

Menariknya, paus sperma memiliki ‘dialek’ tersendiri. Kelompok yang berbeda menggunakan pola koda yang berbeda, seperti halnya manusia berbicara dialek daerah yang berbeda. Dialek itu bukan bawaan, melainkan dipelajari dan diturunkan dari generasi ke generasi. Anak paus sperma melewati fase ‘mengoceh’, bereksperimen dengan berbagai pola koda hingga mereka menguasai ‘bahasa asli’ kelompok mereka.

Temuan tersebut dipublikasikan di Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, jurnal terkemuka di bidang akustik.

Setelah tujuh tahun penelitian, tim yang dipimpin oleh Li Songhai dari Institut Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Rekayasa Laut Dalam, Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan China, mengungkap karakteristik suara paus sperma di Laut China Selatan.

Selama periode 2019 hingga 2025, tim Li melakukan delapan ekspedisi penelitian di Laut China Selatan. Selama ekspedisi tersebut, mereka mencatat 13 penampakan paus sperma dan mengumpulkan lebih dari 1.200 menit data akustik.

Menurut Li, ketika paus sperma menghasilkan bunyi klik khas dari kepalanya, suara itu memantul beberapa kali dari berbagai struktur internal, sehingga menciptakan serangkaian pulsa.

Panjang pulsa tersebut dapat digunakan untuk memperkirakan panjang tubuh paus. Menariknya, sebagian besar paus sperma yang diamati di Laut China Selatan merupakan paus betina yang lebih kecil dan paus muda, menegaskan bahwa laut tropis yang hangat itu berfungsi sebagai tempat pembesaran anak yang ideal bagi spesies tersebut.

Jika bunyi klik biasa menjawab pertanyaan ‘siapa yang ada di sini’, maka koda menjawab ‘mereka berasal dari klan mana’.

Para peneliti menemukan bahwa ‘dialek’ paus sperma di Laut China Selatan sangat mirip dengan populasi yang tersebar luas seperti Kepulauan Galápagos, Peru, Chile, Tonga, dan Papua Nugini, yang menunjukkan bahwa mereka bermigrasi dari Samudra Pasifik sejak lama.

Paus sperma diklasifikasikan sebagai spesies Rentan dalam Daftar Merah Uni Internasional untuk Konservasi Alam (International Union for Conservation of Nature/IUCN).

Mereka menghadapi berbagai ancaman dari aktivitas manusia termasuk tabrakan dengan kapal, terjerat alat tangkap ikan, dan kebisingan bawah laut.

Studi ini menyediakan data akustik penting untuk mendukung konservasi paus sperma di Laut China Selatan.

Dengan membawa warisan klan kuno mereka, paus sperma betina membesarkan anak-anaknya di perairan hangat tersebut, mempertahankan ikatan klan lintas Pasifik melalui bunyi koda yang diwariskan secara turun-temurun.

Laporan: Redaksi

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