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Migrasi manusia modern dari Afrika menuju Asia Tenggara kemungkinan tidak hanya mengikuti jalur pesisir, tetapi juga memanfaatkan sistem sungai purba sebagai jalur perpindahan.

Bogor, Jawa Barat (Indonesia Window) – Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional (BRIN) mengungkap kemungkinan besar jaringan sungai purba di kawasan Paparan Sunda menjadi jalur mobilitas utama manusia modern awal ketika bermigrasi dari Afrika ke Asia Tenggara pada masa prasejarah.

“Penelitian geomorfologi dan paleogeografi menunjukkan Paparan Sunda pada masa Pleistosen memiliki sistem sungai besar yang kini telah tenggelam akibat kenaikan muka laut,” jelas peneliti Pusat Riset Arkeologi Prasejarah dan Sejarah (PR APS) BRIN, Vida Pervaya Rusianti Kusmartono, ketika membedah jalur migrasi tersebut, dalam webinar Forum Kebhinekaan Seri #36 bertema ‘Dinamika Migrasi Manusia dan Budaya Prasejarah’ yang digelar pada Selasa (26/5), dikutip dari situs jejaring BRIN.

Menurutnya, jaringan sungai purba tersebut diperkirakan menjadi koridor ekologis yang mendukung persebaran manusia prasejarah menuju wilayah pedalaman maupun kawasan Wallacea.

“Mobilitas manusia prasejarah kemungkinan tidak hanya mengikuti jalur pesisir, tetapi juga memanfaatkan sistem sungai purba sebagai jalur perpindahan,” katanya dalam kajian bertajuk ‘Kalimantan: Migrasi Manusia di Kawasan Timur Bawah Paparan Sunda pada Kala Pleistosen Akhir-Awal Holosen.’

Vida menjelaskan, migrasi manusia modern dari Afrika menuju Asia Tenggara tidak berlangsung dalam satu gelombang tunggal, tetapi melalui tahapan panjang dan jalur yang beragam. Menurutnya, salah satu teori yang berkembang adalah coastal migration theory atau teori migrasi pesisir, yakni perpindahan manusia melalui kawasan pantai yang menyediakan sumber pangan melimpah dan jalur mobilitas yang lebih mudah dibandingkan dengan wilayah pedalaman.

“Pada masa glasial, permukaan laut turun sehingga membentuk daratan luas yang menghubungkan wilayah-wilayah di Asia Tenggara. Kondisi ini memungkinkan mobilitas manusia, flora, dan fauna di Paparan Sunda,” ujarnya.

Dia menambahkan, wilayah timur Paparan Sunda memiliki posisi strategis karena menjadi penghubung menuju Wallacea dan Sahul atau Australia-Papua. Sejumlah situs arkeologi di Kalimantan menunjukkan keberadaan manusia modern sejak sekitar 45.000–30.000 tahun lalu, di antaranya melalui temuan alat batu, sisa fauna, dan bukti hunian gua.

Kendati demikian, Vida mengakui bahwa penelitian migrasi manusia awal di Asia Tenggara masih menghadapi tantangan berat, terutama akibat kondisi iklim tropis yang menyebabkan fosil sulit terawetkan.

“Tingkat keasaman tanah yang tinggi mempercepat kerusakan tulang dan kolagen sehingga menyulitkan proses penanggalan absolut,” jelasnya.

Sebagai langkah solutif, BRIN terus mendorong penelitian lanjutan melalui survei geofisika, analisis sedimen, dan berbagai metode penanggalan modern guna memperoleh data yang lebih akurat mengenai migrasi manusia prasejarah di kawasan Paparan Sunda.

Kepala Organisasi Riset Arkeologi, Bahasa, dan Sastra (OR Arbastra) BRIN, Herry Yogaswara, menegaskan bahwa BRIN kini memberikan perhatian khusus pada kajian evolusi dan persebaran manusia di Asia Tenggara.

Salah satu langkah strategis yang dilakukan adalah melalui pembentukan Center for Human Evolution, Adaptation, and Dispersal in Southeast Asia (CHEADSEA) yang saat ini telah mendapatkan perhatian resmi dari UNESCO.

“Melalui forum akademik dan lembaga kajian seperti ini, diharapkan muncul berbagai inspirasi baru serta penguatan kolaborasi riset terkait migrasi manusia prasejarah,” ujar Herry.

Laporan: Redaksi

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