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Tianjin, China (Xinhua/Indonesia Window) – Tim peneliti China mengungkap asal-usul sel, jalur diferensiasi, serta ciri-ciri khas hematopoiesis primitif manusia.

Temuan tersebut mengisi celah teoretis dalam pemahaman mengenai aturan-aturan perkembangan yang berlaku tepat sebelum dimulainya proses gastrulasi pada manusia.

Penelitian tersebut dilakukan oleh para peneliti dari Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital di Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (IHCAMS), Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT), dan Rumah Sakit Umum PLA China, dan hasilnya baru-baru ini dipublikasikan secara daring dalam jurnal ilmiah Nature.

Gastrulasi merupakan salah satu tahap kritis dalam perkembangan embrio manusia sekaligus salah satu fase yang paling misterius dan menarik dalam ilmu hayati.

Pada tahap ini, embrio berubah dari struktur dua lapis yang sederhana menjadi arsitektur tiga lapis yang kompleks, membentuk sumbu tubuhnya sambil mengalami diferensiasi multilineage dan pembentukan primordia organ.

Sebelumnya diyakini bahwa sel-sel darah baru muncul setelah gastrulasi. Namun, melalui penelitian terhadap sampel embrio manusia tahap awal yang langka, tim peneliti menemukan bahwa hematopoiesis pada manusia dimulai jauh lebih awal daripada yang diperkirakan sebelumnya. Bahkan sebelum dimulainya gastrulasi secara formal, ‘pabrik’ hematopoietik di kantong kuning telur embrio sudah aktif, menghasilkan eritrosit primitif, megakariosit primitif, dan sel progenitor mieloid.

Selain itu, tim peneliti juga menyusun atlas transkriptom spasial (spatial transcriptomic atlas) beresolusi tinggi pertama untuk tahap pragastrulasi.

Melalui penelitian tersebut terungkap bahwa sel-sel darah paling awal pada manusia bukan berasal dari epiblas, sebagaimana selama ini diyakini, melainkan dari mesoderm ekstraembrionik yang terbentuk dari hipoblas.

Temuan ini sekaligus mengakhiri perdebatan panjang mengenai asal-usul sel hematopoietik awal pada manusia.

Selain itu, kantong kuning telur embrio bukanlah tempat pembentukan sel darah yang seragam secara fungsional. Kantong tersebut terdiri dari dua ‘bengkel’ yang berbeda, baik dari segi lokasi maupun fungsinya: yang satu terutama menghasilkan sel progenitor mieloid, sedangkan yang satunya lagi terutama menghasilkan eritrosit primitif dan megakariosit primitif.

Peneliti IHCAMS, Lan Yu, mengungkapkan penelitian ini tidak hanya mengubah pemahaman tentang hematopoiesis awal pada manusia, tetapi juga memberikan tolok ukur fisiologis serta wawasan konseptual baru bagi bidang-bidang penelitian seperti regenerasi sel darah de novo secara in vitro dan studi mengenai kelainan perkembangan manusia pada tahap awal.

Laporan: Redaksi

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